Computing Machinery and Intelligence (Turing Test)

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Plain-language summary

Turing proposed the 'imitation game', in which a judge exchanges typed messages with a hidden human and a hidden machine and tries to tell which is which. He suggested that a machine passing this test should count as intelligent for practical purposes, sidestepping arguments over the definition of thought. The paper also anticipated and answered common objections and outlined machine learning, setting an early behavioral benchmark and framing debates in artificial intelligence.