Retrieval & Memory · 2020

REALM: Retrieval-Augmented LM Pre-Training

Kelvin Guu, Kenton Lee, Zora Tung, Panupong Pasupat, Ming-Wei Chang

REALM introduced end-to-end pretraining of a language model jointly with a neural retriever over a text corpus, removing the need to store all world knowledge implicitly in model parameters.

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Plain-language summary

REALM augments masked language-model pretraining with a learned retriever that fetches relevant documents from a corpus and conditions predictions on them, backpropagating the language-modeling signal through the retrieval step so the retriever learns which passages help. This let a relatively small model consult an external, updatable knowledge store instead of memorizing facts in its weights, improving open-domain question answering and making the knowledge source inspectable and swappable.

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Provenance

Record ID
P-321
Record created
2026-07-13
Last reviewed
2026-07-14
Record version
2

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